What is the pathophysiology behind pneumonia?

Abstract. The development of pneumonia requires that a pathogen reach the alveoli and that the host defenses are overwhelmed by microorganism virulence or by the inoculum size. The endogenous sources of microorganisms are nasal carriers, sinusitis, oropharynx, gastric, or tracheal colonization, and hematogenous spread.

What is the pathophysiology of a chest infection?

A chest infection is an infection that affects your lungs, either in the larger airways (bronchitis) or in the smaller air sacs (pneumonia). There is a build-up of pus and fluid (mucus), and the airways become swollen, making it difficult for you to breathe. Chest infections can affect people of all ages.

What are the four 4 stages of the pneumonic process describe the histologic changes?

Stage 1: Congestion. Stage 2: Red hepatization. Stage 3: Grey hepatization. Stage 4: Resolution.

What is the difference between community-acquired pneumonia and pneumonia?

Pneumonia is a type of lung infection. It can cause breathing problems and other symptoms. In community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), you get infected in a community setting. It doesn’t happen in a hospital, nursing home, or other healthcare center.

What is COPD pathophysiology?

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a life-threatening condition that affects your lungs and your ability to breathe. Pathophysiology is the evolution of adverse functional changes associated with a disease. For people with COPD, this starts with damage to the airways and tiny air sacs in the lungs.

What is the pathophysiology of lobar pneumonia?

Lobar Pneumonia Congestion: This stage is characterized by grossly heavy and boggy appearing lung tissue, diffuse congestion, vascular engorgement, and the accumulation of alveolar fluid rich in infective organisms. There are few red blood cells (RBC) and neutrophils at this stage.

What is red and GREY hepatization?

Red hepatization is when there are red blood cells, neutrophils, and fibrin in the pulmonary alveolus/ alveoli; it precedes gray hepatization, where the red cells have been broken down leaving a fibrinosuppurative exudate.

What does hepatization mean?

Medical Definition of hepatization : conversion of tissue (as of the lungs in pneumonia) into a substance which resembles liver tissue and may become solidified.

What are the 4 types of pneumonia?

These are:

• Bacterial pneumonia. This is caused by bacteria, the most common of which is streptococcus pneumoniae.
• Viral pneumonia. Responsible for about one-third of all pneumonia cases, this type is caused by various viruses, includingflu (influenza).
• Mycoplasma pneumonia.
• Fungal pneumonia.

What is the pathology of heart failure?

Heart failure is the pathophysiologic state in which the heart, via an abnormality of cardiac function (detectable or not), fails to pump blood at a rate commensurate with the requirements of the metabolizing tissues or is able to do so only with an elevated diastolic filling pressure.

What is the pathophysiology of bronchopneumonia?

It occurs when viruses, bacteria, or fungi cause inflammation and infection in the alveoli (tiny air sacs) in the lungs. Bronchopneumonia is a type of pneumonia that causes inflammation in the alveoli. Someone with bronchopneumonia may have trouble breathing because their airways are constricted.

What causes GREY hepatization?

It occurs two to three days after a red hepatization and lasts between four and eight days. Grey hepatization is an avascular stage, meaning that there is a lack of blood vessels in the tissue of the lungs. During this stage, the lungs take on a grayish color.

What is the pathophysiology of congestive heart failure?

Pathophysiology of congestive heart failure. Congestive heart failure is a syndrome that can be caused by a variety of abnormalities, including pressure and volume overload, loss of muscle, primary muscle disease or excessive peripheral demands such as high output failure. In the usual form of heart failure, the heart muscle has reduced contra ….

What is the pathophysiology of cardiac defect?

The primary cardiac defect is a decrease in intrinsic contractility of the myocardium, usually brought on by prolonged pressure or volume overload. Several associated biochemical changes have been described, although no precise cause-and-effect relation has been determined.

What are the compensatory mechanisms of heart failure?

As the heart begins to fail, a number of compensatory mechanisms are activated. These include increased heart rate, the Frank-Starling mechanism, increased catecholamines, activation of the renin-angiotensin system, and release of atrial natriuretic peptides.

Which radiographic findings are characteristic of congestive heart failure (CHF)?

Findings indicative of congestive heart failure on chest radiographs include enlarged cardiac silhouette, edema at the lung bases, and vascular congestion. In florid heart failure, Kerley B lines may be seen on chest radiographs. The absence of these findings in patients with clinical features of HF does not rule out CHF.