What is the first line diagnostic tool in abnormal uterine bleeding?
What is the first line diagnostic tool in abnormal uterine bleeding?
For acute abnormal uterine bleeding, hormonal methods are the first-line in medical management. Intravenous (IV) conjugated equine estrogen, combined oral contraceptive pills (OCPs), and oral progestins are all options for treating acute AUB.
How is AUB diagnosed?
Diagnosis of AUB
- Exclusion of other causes of abnormal bleeding.
- A complete blood count.
- A pregnancy test.
- Measurement of hormone levels.
- Usually transvaginal ultrasonography and an endometrial biopsy.
- Often sonohysterography and/or hysteroscopy.
What causes AUB?
AUB can be caused by structural uterine pathology (eg, fibroids, endometrial polyps, adenomyosis, neoplasia) or nonuterine causes (eg, ovulatory dysfunction, disorders of hemostasis, medications) (table 1). The evaluation of nonpregnant reproductive-age patients with AUB will be reviewed here.
What is the difference between menorrhagia and Menometrorrhagia?
It’s a combination of two different conditions: menorrhagia, which is heavy bleeding during your period, and metrorrhagia, which is when your period lasts more than seven days or you have spotting between periods.
What are the recent advances in the diagnosis of hyponatremia?
Recently identified parameters, including fractional uric acid excretion and plasma copeptin concentration, may further improve the diagnostic approach. The treatment for hyponatremia is chosen on the basis of duration and symptoms.
What are the treatment options for hyponatremia (low blood pressure)?
In general, hyponatremia is treated with fluid restriction (in the setting of euvolemia), isotonic saline (in hypovolemia), and diuresis (in hypervolemia). A combination of these therapies may be needed based on the presentation.
How effective is fluid restriction in the treatment of Chronic hyponatremia?
Winzeler et al.recently showed that in patients with SIAD fluid restriction is effective in 59% of patients.83Predictors of nonresponse were a UNa≥130 mmol/L and UOsm≥500 mOsm/kg.83This implies that in patients with chronic hyponatremia pharmacologic therapy is often required to increase renal free water excretion.
What are the signs and symptoms of hyponatremia?
Polydipsia, muscle cramps, headaches, falls, confusion, altered mental status, obtundation, coma, and status epilepticus may indicate the need for acute intervention. Most patients with hyponatremia are asymptomatic, and hyponatremia is noted incidentally.
