What is NRAS gene?

The NRAS gene provides instructions for making a protein called N-Ras that is involved primarily in regulating cell division. Through a process known as signal transduction, the protein relays signals from outside the cell to the cell’s nucleus.

How common is NRAS mutation?

NRAS mutations occur in ~2-6% in colorectal cancers (COSMIC; Irahara et al. 2010; Janku et al. 2011). Melanoma with mutant NRAS is usually mutually exclusive of BRAF and KIT mutations.

What is NRAS mutation melanoma?

NRAS is the second most common oncogenic driver in melanoma, mutated predominantly at codon 61 in almost 30% of all melanomas [1]. Tumors bearing NRAS mutations are highly aggressive and are associated with shorter patient survival [2].

Where is the NRAS gene located?

Neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog

NRAS
External IDs	OMIM: 164790 MGI: 97376 HomoloGene: 55661 GeneCards: NRAS
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 1 (human) Band 1p13.2 Start 114,704,469 bp End 114,716,771 bp

What is NRAS positive?

Patients with a NRAS-positive FN had a higher malignancy rate in additional thyroid nodules beyond the FN than patients with a NRAS-negative FN. The overall malignancy rate of patients with a NRAS-positive FN was significantly higher than that of patients with a NRAS-negative FN (79% versus 52%; P = 0.008).

What is NRAS negative?

Negative for mutations (normal). Interpretive Data: The presence of an oncogenic mutation in codons 12, 13, or 61 of NRAS is indicative of a tumor that may respond to drugs targeted at genes downstream of NRAS in the mitogen activating protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascade, as in malignant melanoma cases.

What is NRAS wild type?

The NRAS Wild Type Reference Standard is a highly-characterized, biologically-relevant quality control material used to assess the performance of assays that detect somatic mutations, such as Sanger and qPCR sequencing assays.

What is the difference between KRAS and NRAS?

Oncogenic alterations in KRAS are more frequent in patients with pancreatic carcinoma, colorectal tumors and lung malignancies (5). Mutations in HRAS can be found in dermatological malignancies and head and neck cancers, while NRAS mutations are common in melanomas and in some hematopoietic malignancies (Table 1) (5).

What does wild type tumor mean?

A term used to describe a gene when it is found in its natural, non-mutated (unchanged) form. Mutated (changed) forms of certain genes have been found in some types of cancer. Knowing whether a patient’s tumor has a wild-type or mutated gene may help plan cancer treatment.

Are KRAS and NRAS mutually exclusive?

NRAS mutations were mutually exclusive with mutations in BRAF, KRAS and PIK3CA, although the sample size was limited. All of the cancers with NRAS mutations were located in the distal (left-side) colon and 4/5 arose in female patients.

What cancers have a p53 mutation?

Somatic TP53 mutations occur in almost every type of cancer at rates from 38%–50% in ovarian, esophageal, colorectal, head and neck, larynx, and lung cancers to about 5% in primary leukemia, sarcoma, testicular cancer, malignant melanoma, and cervical cancer (Fig.

What percent of cancers have a p53 mutation?

The p53 gene contains homozygous mutations in ~50–60% of human cancers. About 90% of these mutations encode missense mutant proteins that span ~190 different codons localized in the DNA-binding domain of the gene and protein.

What is BRAF and NRAS?

Hotspot mutations of the oncogenes BRAF and NRAS are the most common genetic alterations in cutaneous melanoma. Specific inhibitors of BRAF and MEK have shown significant survival benefits in large phase III trials.

What is the difference between mutant and wild type?

wild type An individual having the normal phenotype; that is, the phenotype generally found in a natural population of organisms. mutant An individual having a phenotype that differs from the normal phenotype.

What is NRAS testing?

This test can normally detect a heterozygous mutation if it is present in more than about 5% of the cells in the sample. NRAS (also known as Neuroblastoma-RAS) is a commonly mutated oncogene in human cancer. The majority (97%) of mutations involve codons 12, 13, and 61.

Is a TP53 mutation bad?

People with TP53 mutations have Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS). You have an increased chance to develop soft tissue sarcoma, osteosarcoma, female breast cancer, brain tumors, adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC), leukemia, and potentially other types of cancer such as prostate cancer.

Are BRAF and NRAS mutually exclusive?

BRAF and NRAS mutations were mutually exclusive, and melanomas were grouped as NRAS+ (exon 2 or 3 mutation), BRAF+ (exon 15 mutation), or wildtype (WT) (neither NRAS nor BRAF mutation) for analyses.