What is antenna effect in analog layout?

The “antenna effect” is a common name for the effects of charge accumulation in isolated nodes of an integrated circuit during its processing. This effect is also sometimes called “Plasma Induced Damage”, “Process Induced Damage” (PID) or “charging effect”.

What is antenna effect in VLSI?

The antenna effect in VLSI, also known as plasma-induced gate-oxide damage or plasma-induced damage, is one of them. In VLSI, the term “antenna effect” refers to the charge collecting effect, not to the antenna device. A large quantity of charge is often induced during plasma etching and other procedures.

What is antenna effect and how is it resolved?

The antenna effect, more formally plasma induced gate oxide damage, is an effect that can potentially cause yield and reliability problems during the manufacture of MOS integrated circuits. Factories (fabs) normally supply antenna rules, which are rules that must be obeyed to avoid this problem.

Why it is called antenna effect?

Gate oxide damage occurs basically due to plasma etching of interconnects connected to the gate, that’s why this effect is also called “Plasma Induced Gate Oxide Damage” or “Antenna Effect”. The metal interconnect which collects the plasma (ions) and is connected to the gate is basically termed as the antenna.

What is the solution of antenna effect?

In this paper, we have seen antenna effect due to plasma etching and different PV tools used to identify antenna effect by comparing design GDS and antenna rule file provided by foundry. And by adding diode, routing to upper metal layer and reducing via area we can solve the antenna violation.

What is antenna effect lanthanides?

Abstract. Lanthanide based dyes and assays exploit the antenna effect, where a sensitiser-chromophore is used as a light harvesting antenna and subsequent excited state energy transfer populates the emitting lanthanide centred excited state.

What is antenna ratio in VLSI?

‘Antenna ratio’ is defined as the ratio between the physical area of the conductors making up the antenna to the total gate oxide area to which the antenna is electrically connected. A higher ratio implies a greater propensity to fail due to the antenna effect.

What is antenna problem?

Antenna problem is due to Bottom area and parameter of the metal line. Via and contact also contributes to the antenna violations. There are three kinds of antenna violations in the design: Metal area antenna rule: The maximum limit to the ratio of the metal line area to the connected gates area.

What is the antenna effect chemistry?

What is antenna effect in fluorescence?

The antenna effect is often observed from lanthanide complexes. (12−14) Organic ligand acts as an “antenna” to absorb photons and produces a triplet state through intersystem crossing from its singlet state. (15) The triplet state sensitizes lanthanide (Ln3+) ions to ensure a brighter emission than free ions.

What is antenna rule check?

Antenna rules is a common name for rules that check ratios of amounts of material in two layers from the same node. They are used to limit the damage of the thin gate oxide during the manufacturing process because of charge accumulation on interconnect layers (metal, polysilicon) on certain fabrication steps.

What is antenna effect in lanthanide complexes?

Emission intensity of the lanthanide complexes through direct excitation of the lanthanide ion are relatively weak. To overcome this, three unique organic ligands were utilized to synthesize lanthanide nitrate complexes in which higher emission intensity can be observed via the antenna effect.

Why are lanthanides fluorescent?

Lanthanides are metal ions which have their 4f energy level filled and generally refer to elements cerium to lutetium in the periodic table. The fluorescence of lanthanide salts is weak because the energy absorption of the metallic ion is low; hence chelated complexes of lanthanides are most commonly used.

What is the antenna effect?

The antenna effect, more formally plasma induced gate oxide damage, is an effect that can potentially cause yield and reliability problems during the manufacture of MOS integrated circuits. Factories ( fabs) normally supply antenna rules, which are rules that must be obeyed to avoid this problem.

What are the layout issues in analog electronics?

Analog layout Issues • Matching components – In analog electronics it is often necessary to have matched pairs of devices with identical electrical properties, e.g. input transistors of a differential stage, and current mirror 23 January 2016 43 Layout of Matched Transistors

What is an antenna rule?

Factories ( fabs) normally supply antenna rules, which are rules that must be obeyed to avoid this problem. A violation of such rules is called an antenna violation. The word antenna is something of a misnomer in this context—the problem is really the collection of charge, not the normal meaning of antenna, which is a device for converting

What is an antenna?

The word antenna is something of a misnomer in this context—the problem is really the collection of charge, not the normal meaning of antenna, which is a device for converting electromagnetic fields to/from electrical currents.