What are the two different bronchoscopic techniques?

Chest 2007; 131: 261–274. . Innovative bronchoscopic diagnostic techniques: endobronchial ultrasound and electromagnetic navigation.

What is the importance of Carina in bronchoscopy?

Morphological changes in the carina are important diagnostic signs. If the carina is distorted or widened posteriorly, it may indicate subcarinal disease or mass involvement of the proximal airway (2). At the carina, the trachea bifurcates into the right and left mainstem bronchus.

What can be seen during a bronchoscopy?

The bronchoscope is put in the nose or mouth. It is moved down the throat and windpipe (trachea), and into the airways. A healthcare provider can then see the voice box (larynx), trachea, large airways to the lungs (bronchi), and smaller branches of the bronchi (bronchioles).

What is upper lobe bronchus?

The right upper lobe bronchus is given off approximately 2.5 cm from the bifurcation of the trachea and is the superior most of the secondary bronchi 1. It transverses the right hilum into the right upper lobe where it divides into three bronchopulmonary segments that supply the superior lobe of the right lung 2.

How accurate is a bronchoscopy biopsy?

Although the results showed an overall average accuracy of 82.6%, with sensitivity and specificity ranges of 80.3–85.7% and 87–97.6% respectively, OCT could not replace tissue biopsy (37).

How is a bronchoscopy test done?

The procedure uses a thin tube with a small camera and light at the end. The doctor inserts it through your nose or mouth, down your throat, and into your lungs. Most of the time, the tube is soft and flexible. The doctor might use a stiff tube if there’s bleeding in your lungs or an object in your airway.

At what level is the carina?

Anatomy of the carina and main bronchi The most inferior portion of the trachea, the bifurcation, is called the carina. It lies slightly to the right of the midline at the level of the fourth or fifth thoracic vertebra posteriorly and sternomanubrial junction anteriorly.

Why is carina important?

Clinical significance The mucous membrane of the carina is the most sensitive area of the trachea and larynx for triggering a cough reflex. Widening and distortion of the carina is a serious sign because it usually indicates carcinoma of the lymph nodes around the region where the trachea divides.

Can a bronchoscopy detect COPD?

A culture of this mucus can help identify an infection. Lung and/or sinus infections can complicate and/or mimic some symptoms of COPD. Bronchoscopy: A bronchoscopy allows the doctor to look inside the airways in the lungs. The bronchoscopy can be videotaped to look at later.

How long does it take to get results from a bronchoscopy biopsy?

If any biopsy or bronchial washing sample was collected, some of the results may be available in about two-four days. Other results could take a week or longer before the final report.

What is the left upper lobe bronchus?

The left upper lobe bronchus is very short and divides immediately into the segmental bronchi. There are usually 10 individual segmental bronchi for each lung, however, the left lung can have segmental bronchi which share a common stem 1.

What is the upper lobe of the left lung?

The left lung consists of two lobes: the left upper lobe (LUL) and the left lower lobe (LLL). The right lobe is divided by an oblique and horizontal fissure, where the horizontal fissure divides the upper and middle lobe, and the oblique fissure divides the middle and lower lobes.

Why would a doctor order a bronchoscopy?

Common reasons for needing bronchoscopy are a persistent cough, infection or something unusual seen on a chest X-ray or other test. Bronchoscopy can also be used to obtain samples of mucus or tissue, to remove foreign bodies or other blockages from the airways or lungs, or to provide treatment for lung problems.

Is a bronchoscopy painful?

During the procedure The bronchoscope is advanced slowly down the back of your throat, through the vocal cords and into the airways. It may feel uncomfortable, but it shouldn’t hurt.

What is the most common complication during a bronchoscopy?

What are the risks of a bronchoscopy?

• The primary risk with bronchoscopy is bleeding from the site of the biopsy, but this occurs in less than 1% of patients.
• Other rare complications include lung collapse, hoarseness, sore nose or throat.

Where is carina on xray?

Gross anatomy The carina represents the inferior termination of the trachea into the right and left main bronchi. The carina usually sits at the level of the sternal angle and the T4/T5 vertebral level in the thoracic plane.

Is carina upper or lower airway?

Structure. The carina occurs at the lower end of the trachea (usually at the level of the 4th to 5th thoracic vertebra). This is in line with the sternal angle, but the carina may raise or descend up to two vertebrae higher or lower with breathing.

How do you identify a carina?

Traditionally, the carina has been located by the radiologist either by taking the position as the middle of the T4-T5 interspace; or by using the Dee Method, which involves identifying the aortic arch and then drawing a line inferomedially through the middle of the arch at a 45-degree angle to the midline.