What does Cephalization of blood vessels mean?

Cephalization is defined as a redistribution of blood into the upper lobe vessels and can be diagnosed when the upper lobe veins are the same or larger in diameter relative to the lower lobe veins (Fig. 4). Both cephalization and vascular pedicle enlargement are manifestations of pulmonary venous hypertension.

What causes Cephalization of pulmonary vessels?

Cephalization refers to the redistribution of blood into the upper lobe vessels. It has been hypothesized that once the hydrostatic pressure exceeds 10 mm Hg, then fluid begins to leak into the interstitium of the lung. This excess fluid initially compresses the lower lobe vessels, perhaps as a result of gravity.

What is upper lobe diversion?

Upper lobe pulmonary venous diversion (also described as cephalisation of the pulmonary veins) reflects elevation of left atrial pressure and is an early sign of pulmonary oedema.

What is central pulmonary vascular congestion?

Pulmonary congestion is defined as accumulation of fluid in the lungs, resulting in impaired gas exchange and arterial hypoxemia. It occurs sequentially, first developing in the hilar region of the lungs, followed by filling of the interstitial space and finally, in its most severe form, by alveolar flooding.

What is cephalization?

Definition of cephalization : a tendency in the evolution of organisms to concentrate the sensory and neural organs in an anterior head.

Why is cephalization an advantage?

Advantages of cephalization are development of a complex neural system and intelligence, clustering of senses to help an animal rapidly sense food and threats, and superior analysis of food sources. Radially symmetrical organisms lack cephalization.

What are Kerley A lines?

Kerley A lines are linear opacities extending from the periphery to the hila caused by distention of anastomotic channels between peripheral and central lymphatics. Kerley B lines are small, horizontal, peripheral straight lines demonstrated at the lung bases that represent thickened interlobular septa on CXR.

What do Kerley B lines indicate?

Kerley B lines (arrows) are horizontal lines in the lung periphery that extend to the pleural surface. They denote thickened, edematous interlobular septa often due to pulmonary edema.

Is vascular congestion serious?

Vascular congestion from fluid overload may result in altered permeability of the gastrointestinal tract, thereby leading to accumulation of endotoxins such as lipopolysaccharides and bacteria.

Is pulmonary vascular congestion the same as pneumonia?

While both pulmonary edema and pneumonia cause a form of buildup in the lungs, the former is primarily caused by CHF. Pneumonia, on the other hand, is caused by an infection. A weakened immune system can increase your chances of getting pneumonia from a common cold or flu.

What is cephalization and why is it important?

In zoology, cephalization is the evolutionary trend toward concentrating nervous tissue, the mouth, and sense organs toward the front end of an animal. Fully cephalized organisms have a head and brain, while less cephalized animals display one or more regions of nervous tissue.

What is cephalization important?

The cephalization process places the mouth closer to the brain and sensory organs that help the organism search for food sources more quickly. Predators use sensory organs near the mouth to gather information related to prey.

What is cephalization in simple words?

What is cephalization give example?

Cephalization is an evolutionary trend in which, over many generations, the mouth, sense organs, and nerve ganglia become concentrated at the front end of an animal, producing a head region. This is associated with movement and bilateral symmetry, such that the animal has a definite head end.

What are Kerley A and Kerley B lines?

What is a Hampton’s hump?

Hampton’s hump is a radiological sign consisting of a peripheral, wedge-shaped opacification adjacent to the pleural surface, which represents pulmonary infarction distal to a pulmonary embolus.

Does vascular congestion mean heart failure?

Pulmonary vascular congestion is commonly associated with congestive heart failure or simply heart failure. Heart failure is a condition in which your heart can’t pump enough blood to meet your body’s needs. Heart failure does not mean that your heart has stopped or is about to stop working.

What are signs of vascular congestion?

Symptoms may include shortness of breath, fatigue, fainting, coughing up blood and having difficulty breathing while you lie flat. As pulmonary veno-occlusive disease gets worse, it causes narrowed pulmonary veins, pulmonary hypertension, congestion, and swelling of the lungs.

Can vascular cause shortness of breath?

Pulmonary vascular disease is the medical term for disease affecting the blood vessels leading to or from the lungs. Most forms of pulmonary vascular disease cause shortness of breath.

What does cephalization mean?

Where does cephalization occur?

Cephalization occurs only in animals that are bilaterally symmetrical. The cavity in the body. The body cavity is where the digestive and other internal organs develop.

Which molluscs have a high degree of cephalization?

Certain molluscs, like the echinoderms, regained cephalization. The appropriately named cephalopods (the group that includes the squid and octopus) are distinguished by a high degree of cephalization. Their sense organs, which include well-developed eyes and a brain, are concentrated in a specific head region.

What does cephalisation look like in Stage 1 CCF?

Frontal and lateral chest radiograph demonstrates cephalisation (upper lobe vascular redistribution) in stage I CCF where there is elevation of the left atrial pressure 10-15 mmHg. Normal left atrial pressure is 5-10 mmHg. Determining cephalisation must be taken with caution.

How is cephalisation of the pulmonary artery determined?

Determining cephalisation must be taken with caution. Comparison between the upper and lower lobe vessels is made at equal distance from the hilar point. The hilar point/angle is formed by the superior pulmonary vein (yellow line) and the descending pulmonary artery (green line).