What is the indication of isoniazid?

Why is Isoniazid Prescribed? (Indications) This medication is an antibiotic agent, prescribed for tuberculosis (TB) either alone or with other medications. It works by killing TB organisms.

Why is B6 given with isoniazid?

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) supplementation during isoniazid (INH) therapy is necessary in some patients to prevent the development of peripheral neuropathy.

What is isonicotinic acid hydrazide?

Isoniazid, also known as isonicotinic acid hydrazide (INH), is an antibiotic used for the treatment of tuberculosis. For active tuberculosis it is often used together with rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and either streptomycin or ethambutol. For latent tuberculosis it is often used by itself.

Why is ethambutol bacteriostatic?

The mechanism of action of ethambutol is not completely known. There is evidence that the drug exerts its bacteriostatic activity by virtue of inhibition of arabinosyl transferase, an enzyme that polymerizes arabinose into arabinan and then arabinogalactan, a mycobacterial cell wall constituent.

What is the contraindications for isoniazid?

Isoniazid is contraindicated in patients who develop severe hypersensitivity reactions, including drug -induced hepatitis; previous isoniazid-associated hepatic injury; severe adverse reactions to isoniazid such as drug fever, chills, arthritis; and acute liver disease of any etiology.

Does isoniazid cause nephrotoxicity?

Isoniazid/rifampicin-induced nephrotoxicity was further confirmed by the recorded histological alterations including atrophy of glomerular tuft, dysplastic renal tubules and inflammatory cells infiltration, as we recently reported [13].

How does isoniazid cause metabolic acidosis?

Anion gap metabolic acidosis is a known consequence of INH overdose. By substituting for NAD in the Krebs cycle, chronic INH ingestion does lead to very mild elevations in lactic, beta-hydroxybutyric, and acetoacetic acids. However, the contribution of this mechanism to metabolic acidosis is minimal.

What is the antidote for isoniazid?

Pyridoxine is the antidote for severe isoniazid poisoning and there is no specific antidote identified for rifampicin toxicity. Intravenous pyridoxine is recommended in large doses when symptoms of acute neurotoxicity develop with Isoniazid poisoning [3,4,5,6,7].

What is the difference between hydrazine and hydrazide?

Hydrazides in organic chemistry are a class of organic compounds with the formula RNHNH2 where R is acyl (R’CO-), sulfonyl (R’SO2-), or phosphoryl (R’2P(O)-). Unlike hydrazine and alkylhydrazines, hydrazides are nonbasic owing to the inductive influence of the acyl, sulfonyl, or phosphoryl substituent.

When is ethambutol contraindicated?

Ethambutol is contraindicated in patients who are known to be hypersensitive to this drug, in patients with known optic neuritis, in patients who are unable to appreciate and report visual side effects or changes in vision (e.g., young children, unconscious patients.

What is the adverse reaction of ethambutol?

Headache, loss of appetite, upset stomach, or nausea/vomiting may occur. If any of these effects last or get worse, tell your doctor or pharmacist promptly. Remember that this medication has been prescribed because your doctor has judged that the benefit to you is greater than the risk of side effects.

How does isoniazid cause hepatotoxicity?

Chronic INH hepatotoxicity results in the induction of hepatocyte apoptosis, with associated disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential and DNA strand breaks. The most likely biochemical mechanism is that the metabolism of INH produces reactive metabolites that bind and damage cellular macromolecules in the liver.

Which anti TB drug is nephrotoxic?

Rifampicin is a widely used anti-tuberculosis agent. On rare occasions, the drug can cause adverse effects such as acute renal failure, though most regain complete renal function upon discontinuation of therapy.

How does isoniazid produce hepatic necrosis?

What is hydrazide used for?

Hydrazide is a drug used as a tablet. It is typically used for the treatment of edema, high blood pressure or hypertension.

What is novo hydrazide used for?

Uses. It is used to treat high blood pressure. It is used to get rid of extra fluid. Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) lowers blood pressure and gets rid of extra salt and water in the body.

What are the contraindications of rifampin?

thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, a type of blood disorder. liver problems. abnormal liver function tests. a yellowing of the eyes or skin from buildup of bilirubin called jaundice.

What is the difference between rifampin and Rifampicin?

Rifampicin, also known as rifampin, is an antibiotic used to treat several types of bacterial infections, including tuberculosis (TB), Mycobacterium avium complex, leprosy, and Legionnaires’ disease.

What is the indication of ethambutol?

Ethambutol is indicated in combination with other anti-tuberculosis drugs in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. It has a long duration of action as it is administered daily, and a moderate therapeutic window. Patients should be counselled regarding the risk of optic neuritis and hepatic toxicity.

What are the indications for dialysis for drug toxicity?

Overdose and intoxication of substances that are found in the blood may be an indication for dialysis. These drugs should have a low volume of distribution and shouldn’t be highly bound to plasma proteins.

What happens if dialysis solution is high osmolality?

Special attention must be paid to the osmolality of the dialysis solution as a severely hyperosmolar solution can cause hypernatremia and other electrolyte disturbances. While a hypoosmolar one can lead to rapid hemolysis, severe hyponatremia, and hyperkalemia.

What are the indications for dialysis in patients with accelerated hypertension?

Accelerated hypertension poorly responsive to antihypertensives Progressive uremic encephalopathy or neuropathy such as confusion, asterixis, myoclonus, wrist or foot drop, seizures A simple mnemonic is used to remember the indications for dialysis: A-E-I-O-U. 5 The normal bodily pH averages 7.4.

What are the indications for dialysis in pulmonary edema?

Fluid overload or pulmonary edema refractory to diuretics Accelerated hypertension poorly responsive to antihypertensives Progressive uremic encephalopathy or neuropathy such as confusion, asterixis, myoclonus, wrist or foot drop, seizures A simple mnemonic is used to remember the indications for dialysis: A-E-I-O-U. 5