What is Salus sign?

Salus’s sign (a.k.a. Bonnet’s sign or Gunn’s sign) is described as the deflection of retinal veins at the arteriovenous crossings in patients with chronic hypertension.

What are the signs of hypertensive retinopathy?

The signs include flame shaped hemorrhages at the disc margin, blurred disc margins, congested retinal veins, papilledema, and secondary macular exudates. Hard exudates can deposit in the macula causing a macular star. Optic nerve pallor is also present in patients with chronic hypertension.

What is Bonnet sign in hypertensive retinopathy?

The following are signs of hypertensive retinopathy. AV Crossing Changes. Salus’s sign: Deflection of retinal vein as it crosses the arteriole. Gunn’s sign: Tapering of the retinal vein on either side of the AV crossing. Bonnet’s sign: Banking of the retinal vein distal to the AV crossing.

What is focal arteriolar narrowing?

Focal arteriolar narrowing is attributed to localized areas of spasm of the arteriolar wall and can be reversible. Persistent focal arteriolar narrowing may be due to edema in the wall of the arteriole or to localized areas of fibrosis.

What is blood and thunder fundus?

DISCUSSION: “Blood and Thunder” has been used to describe the CRVO. There is a sudden, painless decrease in vision although vision may be better than that of an arterial occlusion. Fundus exam reveals multiple striate and round hemorrhages scattered throughout the retina.

What does AV nicking mean?

Retinal arteriovenous nicking (AV nicking) is the phenomenon where the venule is compressed or decreases in its caliber at both sides of an arteriovenous crossing. Recent research suggests that retinal AVN is associated with hypertension and cardiovascular diseases such as stroke.

What is cotton wool spots?

Cotton-wool spots (CWSs) are common retinal manifestations of many diseases including diabetes mellitus, systemic hypertension, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Clinically they appear as whitish, fluffy patches on the retina and eventually fade with time.

What is hollenhorst plaque?

Cholesterol emboli aka Hollenhorst plaque: Yellow, refractile, typically located at the carotid artery bifurcation. They tend to originate from carotid arteries or the aorta. This finding is consistent with carotid disease originating from atherosclerotic lesions.

How can you tell the difference between ischemic and nonischemic CRVO?

Presentation is with sudden, unilateral blurred vision. In non-ischemic CRVO, the blurring is mild and may be worse on waking and improves during the day. In ischemic CRVO, visual impairment is sudden and severe.

What are Elschnig spots?

Elschnig spots represent necrosis of choroidal arterioles and capillaries secondary to these acute rises in blood pressure, and were noted in rhesus monkeys within 24 h of the induction of malignant hypertension.

What is a Roth spot?

Roth Spots are defined as a white centered retinal hemorrhage and are associated with multiple systemic illnesses, most commonly bacterial endocarditis.

What are drusen?

Drusen are yellow deposits under the retina. Drusen are made up of lipids and proteins. Drusen likely do not cause age-related macular degeneration (AMD). But having drusen increases a person’s risk of developing AMD, and they may be a sign of AMD. There are different kinds of drusen.

What is a Cilioretinal artery?

Cilioretinal arteries belong to the posterior ciliary artery system. They arise either directly from the choroid or from one of the posterior ciliary arteries, providing additional or alternative blood supply to the retina. Usual location is the edge of the optic nerve head, most commonly on the temporal side.

Why is there Rapd in CRVO?

The ischemic type is in sharp contrast to the nonischemic because there is significant retinal capillary obliteration in ischemic CRVO. 3. The relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) is very helpful in separating the ischemic type from the nonischemic type, during both the early and the late stages of the disease.

What is the difference between CRVO and BRVO?

CRVO is caused by blockage in the main vein that drains the retinal vasculature, whereas a BRVO is caused by a blockage in a smaller vein that drains a portion of the retinal vasculature.

What is hypertensive Choroidopathy?

Hypertensive choroidopathy is characterized by fibrinoid necrosis of choroidal arterioles, with resultant non-perfusion of the overlying choriocapillaris and focal ischemic damage to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). 6.

What is Purtscher retinopathy?

Purtscher retinopathy (traumatic retinal angiopathy or lymphorrhagia retinae or retinal teletraumatism) is an occlusive microvasculopathy characterized by multiple retinal white areas around the optic nerve head and fovea with paravascular clearing which may be associated with intraretinal hemorrhages.

What is the meaning of Salus?

Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts, without removing the technical details. Salus ( Latin: salus, “safety”, “salvation”, “welfare”) was a Roman goddess. She was the goddess of safety and well-being (welfare, health and prosperity) of both the individual and the state.

What is Salus sign in retinopathy?

Salus’s sign is a clinical sign in which deflection of retinal venules can be seen on fundoscopy occurring in patients with hypertensive retinopathy. Arteriosclerosis causes shortening or lengthening of arterioles, which causes venules to be moved at points where arterioles and venules cross over.

What does Salus hold in her left hand?

Occasionally, Salus has a tall staff in her left hand with a snake twined around it; sometimes her right hand raises a smaller female figure. Later, Salus is shown standing, feeding her snake.

Where is the statue of Salus?

There was a statue to Salus in the temple of Concordia. She is first known to be associated with the snake of Aesculapius from a coin of 55 BC minted by M. Acilius. Her festival was celebrated on March 30.